Research on the synthesis process and properties of dinitramide compounds for applications in propellants and explosives
118 viewsDOI:
https://doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.IPE.2024.24-31Keywords:
Dinitramide compounds; Ammonium dinitramide; GDN; KDN; Nitration reaction.Abstract
Dinitramide compounds are characterized by a high oxygen and nitrogen content and the absence of halogens in their molecular structure, making them suitable for environmentally friendly new-generation propellants and explosives. This study outlines the optimization of the synthetic pathways for these compounds, including the preparation of guanylurea dinitramide (GUDN) via nitration and the synthesis of potassium dinitramide (KDN), ammonium dinitramide (ADN), and guanidinium dinitramide (GDN) through ion-exchange reactions. Additionally, the resulting dinitramide compounds were systematically evaluated for their physicochemical properties, ballistic characteristics, and spectral features. The findings demonstrate that these compounds exhibit high synthesis efficiency and possess properties conducive to their effective application in propellant and explosive formulations.
References
[1]. Landsem, E., Jensen, T. L., Hansen, F. K., Unneberg, E., & Kristensen, T. E. “Mechanical properties of smokeless composite rocket propellants based on prilled ammonium dinitramide,” Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol.37, No. 6, pp. 691-698, (2012).
[2]. Sims, S., Fischer, S., & Tagliabue, C., “ADN Solid propellants with high burning rates as booster material for hypersonic applications,” Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 47, No.77, e202200028, (2022).
[3]. Vandel, A.P., Lobanova, A.A. and Loginova, V.S., “Application of Dinitramide Salts (Review)”, Russ. J. Appl. Chem., Vol. 82, No.10, pp.1763, (2009).
[4]. Zhen, F., Zhou, X., Zou, M., Meng, L., Yang, R., Wang, “Investigation of the agglomeration reduction mechanism of the aluminized HTPB propellant containing ferric perfluorooctanoate [Fe(PFO)3],” RSC advances, Vol. 9, No. 33, pp. 19031-19038, (2019).
[5]. Kumar, P, “An overview over dinitramide anion and compounds based on it,” Indian Chemical Engineer, Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 232-242, (2020).
[6]. Larsson, Anders, and Niklas Wingborg, "Green propellants based on ammonium dinitramide (ADN)," Advances in Spacecraft Technologies 2, pp. 139-156, (2011).
[7]. Bottaro, J. C., Penwell, P. E. & Schmitt, R. J. “1,1,3,3-Tetraoxy-1,2,3-triazapropene Anion, a New Oxy Anion of Nitrogen: The Dinitramide Anion and Its Salts,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 119, pp. 9405-9410, (1997).
[8]. Gong, L., Li, Y., Guo, Y., Li, J., & Yang, R., “Effect of Morphology for Ammonium Dinitramide on the Mechanical and Combustion Properties of Composite Propargyl‐terminated Copolyether Propellant,” Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 864-870, (2020).
[9]. Wang, Q., Wang, X. H., Pan, Q., Chang, H., Yu, H. J., & Pang, W. Q, “Thermal Behaviors and Interaction Mechanism of Ammonium Dinitramide with Nitrocellulose”. Molecules, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 2346, (2023).
[10]. Cerri, S., Bohn, M. A., Menke, K., & Galfetti, L. “Characterization of ADN/GAP‐Based and ADN/Desmophen-Based Propellant Formulations and Comparison with AP Analogues”. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol.39, No.2, pp. 192-204, (2014).
[11]. Östmark, H., Bemm, U., Bergman, H., & Langlet, A.,“N-guanylurea dinitramide: a new energetic material with low sensitivity for propellants and explosives applications,” Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 384, No.1-2, pp. 253- 259, (2002).
[12]. Suzuki, S., Miyazaki, S., Hatano, H., Shiino, K., & Onda, T, U.S. Patent No. 5,659,080. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, (1997).
[13]. Kumar, P., Joshi, P.C. and Kumar, R., “Thermal Decomposition and Kinetics Studies of AN, KDN and Their Mixtures With and Without Catalysts,” Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater, Vo.1, No.1, pp. 184, (2017).
[14]. Vandel, A.P., Lobanova, A.A. and Loginova, V.S., “Application of Dinitramide Salts (Review),” Russ. J. Appl. Chem., Vol. 82, No.10, pp.1763, (2009).
[15]. Thuc, B. A., Vu, M. T., Pham, K. D., Long, N. D., & Cao, H. T. “N-Guanylurea dinitramide: Optimal synthesis process, basic properties and spectroscopic data” Journal of Military Science and Technology, Vol. 95, pp. 55-63, (2024).
[16]. Schmitt, R. J., Bottaro, J. C., Penwell, P. E., & Bomberger, D. C, U.S. Patent No. 5,316,749. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, (1994).
[17]. Stern, A. G, “Process for preparing Ammonium Dinitratmide,” s.l. Patent No. US005714714A, (1998).
[18]. Gołofit, T., Maksimowski, P., & Biernacki, A, “Optimization of potassium dinitramide preparation,” Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 261-265, (2013).
[19]. Chen, F. Y., Xuan, C. L., Lu, Q. Q., Xiao, L., Yang, J. Q., Hu, Y. B. “A review on the high energy oxidizer ammonium dinitramide: Its synthesis, thermal decomposition, hygroscopicity, and application in energetic materials,” Defence Technology, No.19, pp.163-195, (2023).