Exploring physical layer security in underwater optical wireless communication: A concise overview
90 viewsDOI:
https://doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.98.2024.3-14Keywords:
Physical layer security (PLS); Underwater Optical Wireless Communication (UOWC); Secrecy performance improvement techniques.Abstract
Underwater wireless optical communications are a developing alternative to meet the increasing need for high-speed connections in oceans and seas. Optical wireless communications (OWCs) are more secure and less susceptible to eavesdropping compared to acoustic communications or radio frequency (RF) communications due to their narrow optical beam coverage and reliance on line-of-sight components. Nevertheless, the existence of a hostile eavesdropper can compromise the level of confidentiality achieved by OWC networks. This article provides a concise overview of the latest research conducted on physical layer security (PLS) in underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC). Furthermore, this work presents the relevant unresolved matters, approaches for enhancing secrecy performance, and potential areas for further research.
References
[1]. H. Kaushal and G. Kaddoum, “Underwater optical wireless communication,” IEEE Access, Vol 4, pp 1518–1547, (2016).
[2]. M.F. Ali et al., “Recent Advances and Future Directions on Underwater Wireless Communications,” Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, pp 1-34, (2019).
[3]. W. Stallings, “Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice,” 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, (2013).
[4]. L. Gomes, “Quantum computing: Both here and not here,” IEEE Spectr., Vol 55, No 4, pp 42–47, Apr. (2018).
[5]. A. Mukherjee et al., “Principles of physical layer security in multiuser wireless networks: A survey,” IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., Vol 16, No 3, pp 1550–1573, 3rd Quart, (2014).
[6]. D. Wyner, “The wire-tap channel,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., Vol 54, No 8, pp 1355–1387, (1975).
[7]. J. Zhang et al., “Key generation from wireless channels: A review,” IEEE Access, Vol 4, pp 614–626, Mar. (2016).
[8]. T. Kukita, H. Takada, and K. Inoue, “Macroscopic differential phase shift quantum key distribution using an optically pre-amplified receiver,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol 49, No 122801, (2010).
[9]. T. A. Eriksson et al., “Secret key rates for intensity-modulated dual-threshold detection key distribution under individual beam splitting attacks,” Opt. Express, Vol 26, No 16, pp 20409–20419, (2018).
[10]. P. V. Trinh, T. V. Pham, N. T. Dang, H. V. Nguyen, S. X. Ng, and A. T. Pham, “Design and security analysis of quantum key distribution protocol over free-space optics using dual-threshold direct-detection receiver,” IEEE Access, Vol 6, pp 4159–4175, Feb. (2018).
[11]. H. Takenaka et al., “Satellite-to-ground quantum-limited communication using a 50-kg-class microsatellite,” Nature Photon., Vol 11, No 8, pp 502–508, (2017).
[12]. Y. Zou et al., “A survey on wireless security: Technical challenges, recent advances, and future trends,” Proc. of the IEEE, Vol 104, (2016).
[13]. Nasir Saeed et al., “Underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization: A survey,” Ad Hoc Networks, Vol 94, 101935, (2019).
[14]. Gabriel et al., “Channel modeling for underwater optical communication,” in 2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps), pp 833–837, (2011).
[15]. T. J. Petzold, “Volume Scattering Functions for selected ocean waters,” La Jolla Ca Visibility Lab, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, San Diego, CA, SIO Ref. 72–78, (1927).
[16]. Khalighi et al., “Fading reduction by aperture averaging and spatial diversity in optical wireless systems,” Journal of Optical Communications and Networking 1(6), 580–59357, pp 7600–7608, (2009).
[17]. A. Huang et al., “Error performance of underwater wireless optical communications with spatial diversity under turbulence channels,” Appl. Opt., Vol 57, pp 7600–7608, (2018).
[18]. Gaofeng Pan, Jia Ye and Zhiguo Ding, “Outage capacity optimization for free-space optical links with pointing errors,” Journal of Lightwave Technology 25(7), 1702–1710, (2007).
[19]. L. Wang et al., “ On Secure VLC Systems with Spatially Random Terminals,” IEEE Communications Letters, 21(3), 492-495, (2017).
[20]. Elmehdi Illi et al., “Physical Layer Security of a Dual-Hop Regenerative Mixed RF/UOW System,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing, Vol 6, (2018).
[21]. Sheikh Habibul Islam et al., “On Secrecy Performance of Mixed Generalized Gamma and Málaga RF-FSO Variable Gain Relaying Channel,” IEEE Access, Vol 8, pp 104127-104138, (2020).
[22]. Yingbin Liang, H. Vincent Poor and Shlomo Shamai, “Information Theoretic Security,” Foundations and Trends® in Communications and Information Theory, Vol 5, No 4–5, pp 355-580, (2009).
[23]. Goldsmith, A., “Wireless communications,” Cambridge university press, (2005).
[24]. Bloch, M., & Barros, J., “Physical-layer security: From information theory to security engineering,” Cambridge University Press, (2011).
[25]. Scarani et al., “The security of practical quantum key distribution,” Reviews of Modern Physics, 81(3), 1301, (2009).
[26]. Ambrish Kumar et al., “Security Performance Analysis of a NOMA-Assisted Underwater VLC System Under Imprecise Channel Estimations,” IEEE Access, Vol 10, (2022).
[27]. Jialiang Zhang, Guanjun Gao, Jie Zhang, and Yonggang Guo, “Secure and noise-resistant underwater wireless optical communication based on spectrum spread and encrypted OFDM modulation,” Optics Express, Vol 30, No 10 17140, (2022).
[28]. Ji Du et al., “Experimental demonstration of 50-m/5-Gbps underwater optical wireless communication with low-complexity chaotic encryption,” Optics Express, Vol 29, No 2, 783, (2021).
[29]. T Hossain et al., “On the Physical Layer Security Performance over RIS-aided Dual-hop RF-UOWC Mixed Network,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol 72, Issue 2, (2022).
[30]. Yi Lou et al., “Physical-Layer Security for Two-Hop Air-to-Underwater Communication Systems With Fixed-Gain Amplify-and-Forward Relaying,” CoRR, (2020).
[31]. Moloy Kumar Ghosh et al., “Physical Layer Security in Mixed UOWC-RF Networks with Energy Harvesting Relay against Multiple Eavesdroppers,” IEEE Open Journal of the Commutications Society, (2024).
[32]. A. S. M. Badrudduza et al., “Security at the Physical Layer Over GG Fading and mEGG Turbulence Induced RF-UOWC Mixed System,” IEEE Access, Vol 9, (2021).
[33]. Elmehdi Illi, Faissal El Bouanani, and Fouad Ayoub, “Physical Layer Security of an Amplify-and-Forward Energy Harvesting-based mixed RF/UOW System,” 2019 International Conference on Advanced Communication Technologies and Networking (CommNet), (2019).
[34]. Ahmed Samir et al., “Performance Analysis of Dual-Hop Hybrid RF-UOWC NOMA Systems,” Sensors, (2022).
[35]. Ying Guo et al., “Trans-Media Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution via Untrusted Entanglement Source,” IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol 13, No 2, (2021).
[36]. Lei Gai et al., “Secure underwater optical communications based on quantum technologies,” 19th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN), (2021).
[37]. Jeffrey Uhlmann, Marco Lanzagorta, Salvador E. Venegas-Andraca, “Quantum Communications in the Maritime Environment,” OCEANS 2015 - MTS/IEEE Washington, (2016).
[38]. Tarantino, Silvia; Cozzolino, Daniele, Rottwitt, Karsten, Bacco, Davide, “Feasibility of Quantum Communications in Aquatic Scenario,” 2018 IEEE Photonics Conference, (2018).
[39]. Amir Hossein Fahim Raou, Fmajid Safari and Murat Uysal, “Performance analysis of quantum key distribution in underwater turbulence channels,” Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Vol 37, No 2, (2020).
[40]. Shi-Cheng Zhao et al., “Performance of underwater quantum key distribution with polarization encoding,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Vol 36, No 5, (2019).
[41]. Burak Kebapci et al., “ Real-Time Implementation of an Underwater Quantum Key Distribution System,” 2022 Sixth Underwater Communications and Networking Conference (UComms), (2022).
[42]. Farhad Akhoundi, Jawad A. Salehi, and Arvin Tashakori, “Cellular Underwater Wireless Optical CDMA Network: Performance Analysis and Implementation Concepts,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, (2015).
[43]. Farhad Akhoundi et al., “Cellular Underwater Wireless Optical CDMA Network: Potentials and Challenges,” IEEE Access, Vol 4, (2016).
[44]. Mir Mehedi Al Hammadi and Md. Jahedul Islam, “Performance Analysis of Underwater Wireless Optical CDMA System,” 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information & Communication Technology (iCEEiCT), (2018).
[45]. Nguyen Van Thang, Dang Tien Sy, and Pham Thi Thuy Hien, “Physical Layer Security for Multihop Underwater Wireless Optical Communications Using Optical CDMA,” Journal of Science and Technology on Information and Communications, No 03 (CS.01), pp 17-27, (2023).
[46]. Laszlo Gyongyosi, Laszlo Bacsardi and Sandor Imre, “A Survey on Quantum Key Distribution,” Infocommunications Journal, Vol XI, (2019).
[47]. Purva Sharma et al., “Quantum Key Distribution Secured Optical Networks: A Survey,” IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 2, (2021).
[48]. Shicheng Zhao et al., “Experimental investigation of quantum key distribution over a water channel,” Applied Optics, (2019).
[49]. Chien-Chi Kao, Yi-Shan Lin, Geng-De Wu, Chun-Ju Huang, “A Study of Applications, Challenges, and Channel Models on the Internet of Underwater Things,” 2017 International Conference on Applied System Innovation (ICASI), (2017).
[50]. Zou Wei, H. M. H. Shalaby and H. Ghafouri-Shiraz, “Modified Quadratic Congruence Codes for Fiber Bragg-Grating-Based Spectral-Amplitude-Coding Optical CDMA Systems,” Journal of lightwave technology, Vol 19, (2001).
[51]. Ragini Verma, Anshul Jaiswal and Anh T. Pham, “Design and Analysis of Octa-phase Shift Keying based Quantum Key Distribution System,” IEEE Communications Letters, Vol 27, (2023).
[52]. Saeed, A., et al., “Optical Wireless Communications: Principles and Practices,” CRC Press, (2019).
[53]. Vu Tuan Lam, Do Trung Anh, N. Thang, Tien Dang Sy, Dang The Ngoc, “Outage Performance of IRS-Assisted Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Systems over Combined Channel Model,” 19th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Montreal, QC, Canada, (2023).
[54]. Hongjiang Lei et al., “Performance Analysis of Dual-Hop RF-UWOC Systems,” IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol 12, (2020).
