Combustion, obscurant and infrared emission characteristics of smoke composition based on red phosphorus and Mg-Al alloys
99 viewsKeywords:
Infrared emission; Obscurant; Smokescreen; Red phosphorus, Mg-Al alloy.Abstract
Infrared-obscurant formulations based on red phosphorus are widely utilized to protect military vehicles from laser and infrared guidance weapons. This work evaluates the influence of metal on the combustion, obscurant, and emission characteristics of red phosphorus-based smoke compositions. The research results demonstrated that the presence of Mg-Al alloy increased the combustion characteristics (such as combustion temperature, heat of combustion, burning rate, etc.) and infrared radiance in the wavelength range of 3 - 5 µm. However, this also reduces the 1.064 µm laser attenuation ability and the emission radiance in the wavelength range of 8 - 14 µm of the smokescreen compared to the metal-free composition. These findings provide insights into optimizing smoke composition, which has a high attenuation capability to 1.064 µm laser radiation and strong infrared emission in both wavelength ranges of 3 - 5 µm and 8 - 14 µm.
References
[1]. Yang, L., et al., "Analysis on the development of active protection system for tanks and armored vehicles". Journal of Physics: Conference Series.Vol. 1855, pp. 012034, (2021).
[2]. Suliman, H.M., et al., "Anti-Tank Guided Missile System Design Based on an Object Detection Model and a Camera". International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems.Vol. 16, pp. 16-20, (2023).
[3]. Titterton, D.H., "Development of Infrared Countermeasure Technology and Systems", in Mid-infrared Semiconductor Optoelectronics. Springer London. (2006).
[4]. Krier, A., ed. , "Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Optoelectronics". Springer. (2007).
[5]. Holst, G.C., et al., "Modification of infrared signature of naval vessels". The International Society for Optical Engineering.Vol. 8355, pp. 518-528, (2012).
[6]. Milewski, S., et al., "Coatings masking in near, medium, and far infrared used for ship camouflage". Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications VIII.Vol. 8185, pp. 269-278, (2011).
[7]. Mishra, K., "Role of Smokes in Warfare". Defence Science Journal.Vol. 44, pp. 173-179, (2013).
[8]. Koch, E.-C., "Metal Fluorocarbon Based Energetic Materials". John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Inc., West, pp. 197-209, (2012).
[9]. Smit, K., et al. "Smoke Countermeasures for Army in the Visual and Infrared". 36th International Pyrotechnics Seminar. Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2009).
[10]. Stackleberg, K., et al., "Military Smokes and Obscurants Fate and Effects: A Literature Review Relative to Threatened and Endangered Species". Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (U.S.). (2004).
[11]. Toan, N.T., et al., "Obscurant and emission characteristics of the screening smoke composition used in naval ships". Journal of Military Science and Technology, pp. 108-117, (2020).
[12]. Greim, H., "Hexachloroethane". Academic Press: Oxford. (2024).
[13]. Koch, E.-C., "Special Materials in Pyrotechnics: V. Military Applications of Phosphorus and its Compounds". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics.Vol. 33, pp. 165-176, (2008).
[14]. Smith-Simon, C., et al., "Toxicological profile for hexachloroethane". Research Triangle Institute, pp. 133-146, (1997).
[15]. Smit, K. "Safety Related Aspects of Red Phosphorus Based Smoke Munitions". Proceedings of the 6th Australian Explosives Ordnance Symposium. Canberra, Australia (2003).
[16]. Cowden, J., "IRIS Toxicological Review of Hexachloroethane (External Review Draft)". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/635/R-09/007A, pp. 5-72, (2010).
[17]. Klusáček, L., et al., "The Use and Application of Red-Phosphorous Pyrotechnic Composition for camouflage in the infrared region of radiation". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics.Vol. 22, pp. 74-77, (1997).
[18]. Gautam, G., et al., "Radiometric screening of red phosphorus smoke for its obscuration characteristics". Defence Science Journal.Vol. 56, pp. 377, (2006).
[19]. Li, J., et al., "Burning and radiance properties of red phosphorus in Magnesium/PTFE/Viton (MTV)-based compositions". Infrared Physics & Technology.Vol. 85, pp. 109-113, (2017).
[20]. Cudziło, S., "Studies of IR-Screening Smoke Clouds". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics.Vol. 26, pp. 12-16, (2001).
[21]. Suzuki, Y.M., K. & Suzuki, Y, "IR-Screening properties of red phosphorus smoke". Kayaku Gakkaishi.Vol. 63(4), pp. 185-190, (2002).
[22]. Toan, N.T., et al., "Obscurant and Radiation Characteristics of Infrared Screening Smoke Composition Based on Red Phosphorus". Defence Science Journal.Vol. 72, pp. 353-358, (2022).
[23]. Pulpea, B.G., et al., "Design and Evaluation of Screening Smoke Compositions Based on Red Phosphorus in Open Field Conditions". Applied Sciences.Vol. 12, pp. 12893, (2022).
[24]. Cudziło, S., et al., "Studies of high energy composites containing polytetrafluoroethylene". Archivum Combustionis.Vol. 20, pp. 59-71, (2000).
[25]. Chen, M., et al., "The research on emission performance of Mg4Al3/PTFE infrared composition". Laser and Infrared.Vol. 35, pp. 500, (2005).
[26]. Toan, N.T., et al., "Effect of Mg-Al alloy powder on the combustion and the infrared emission characteristics of the Mg-Al/PTFE/Viton composition". Defence Science Journal.Vol. 70, pp. 590-595, (2020).
[27]. Wang, Y.-k., et al., "Effect of Mg-Al ratio on the combustion and infrared radiation properties of Al-Mg alloy/PTFE composition". Journal of Physics: Conference Series.Vol. 2478, pp. 032023, (2023).
[28]. Nguyen, T.T., et al., "Formulation and several characteristics of the smoke compositions based on red phosphorus". Journal of Science and Technique-Section on Physics and Chemical Engineering. Vol. 2, pp. 120-130, (2024).
